Peran dan Tantangan Arbitrase Online dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Niaga Internasional: Studi Kasus Perusahaan Start-Up di Indonesia
Keywords:
arbitrase online, start-up Indonesia, sengketa niaga internasional, tantangan regulasi, ODRAbstract
Perkembangan teknologi digital telah mendorong munculnya arbitrase online (Online Dispute Resolution/ODR) sebagai mekanisme inovatif penyelesaian sengketa niaga internasional bagi perusahaan start-up Indonesia, yang beroperasi dalam ekosistem fintech, e-commerce, dan edtech dengan transaksi cross-border yang kompleks seperti investasi venture capital dan lisensi IP. Artikel ini mengkaji peran ODR melalui analisis doktrinal, perbandingan hukum, dan studi kasus empiris, menunjukkan bahwa kerangka internasional seperti UNCITRAL Model Law dan Konvensi New York memberikan legitimasi kuat, sementara regulasi nasional (UU Arbitrase 1999 dan UU ITE 2008) masih ambigu, menciptakan legal uncertainty dan tantangan procedural fairness tanpa kehadiran fisik. Temuan utama mengungkap keunggulan ODR dalam efisiensi biaya-waktu serta aksesibilitas global yang selaras dengan keterbatasan resources start-up, namun dihambat oleh isu teknis seperti digital divide, cybersecurity, dan ketimpangan bargaining power dengan mitra asing. Dibandingkan litigasi konvensional, ODR lebih efektif untuk sengketa ringan, meskipun eksekusi putusan rentan penolakan pengadilan. Artikel berargumen bahwa potensi ODR untuk mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi digital Indonesia dalam RCEP dan BIT dapat terealisasi melalui reformasi regulasi progresif, peningkatan kapasitas literasi hukum, dan infrastruktur blockchain-based, sehingga berkontribusi pada sistem penyelesaian sengketa yang inklusif dan responsif terhadap globalisasi 5.0.
References
A. Books
Abdel Wahab, Mohamed S., Katsh, Ethan, and Rainey, Daniel (eds), Online Dispute Resolution: Theory and Practice - A Treatise on Technology and Dispute Resolution (Eleven International Publishing, 2012).
Abdurrasyid, Priyatna, Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa (PT Fikahati Aneska, 2011).
Abdurrasyid, Priyatna, Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa (PT Fikahati Aneska, 2023 ed).
Adolf, Huala, Arbitrase Komersial Internasional (Rajawali Pers, 2020).
Adolf, Huala, Hukum Perdagangan Internasional (Rajawali Pers, 2025 ed).
Arief Mansur, Dikdik M. and Gultom, Elisatris, Cyber Law: Aspek Hukum Teknologi Informasi (Refika Aditama, 2005).
Asian Development Bank, Digital Dispute Resolution in ASEAN: Policy Recommendations (2025).
Berger, Klaus-Peter and Haertlé, Josephine, 'Cyberjustice and Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)' in Loukas Mistelis (ed), Concise International Arbitration (Kluwer Law International, 2nd ed, 2015).
Berger, Klaus-Peter, 'The New Law Merchant and the Global Market Place: A 21st Century View of Transnational Commercial Law' in Ralf Michaels (ed), Conflict of Laws in the 21st Century (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
Blackaby, Nigel et al., Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration (Oxford University Press, 6th ed, 2015).
Born, Gary and Perez, Marvin, 'Technology and Innovation in International Arbitration' in Albert Jan van den Berg (ed), Legitimacy: Myths, Realities, Challenges (Kluwer Law International, 2015).
Born, Gary B., International Commercial Arbitration (Kluwer Law International, 3rd ed, 2021).
Born, Gary B., International Commercial Arbitration (Kluwer Law International, 4th ed, 2024).
Cordero-Moss, Giuditta, 'Due Process in International Commercial Arbitration Conducted by Electronic Means' in Loukas A. Mistelis and Stavros L. Brekoulakis (eds), Arbitrability: International and Comparative Perspectives (Kluwer Law International, 2009).
Cortés, Pablo, Online Dispute Resolution for Consumers in the European Union (Routledge, 2011).
Fry, Jason, Greenberg, Simon, and Mazza, Francesca, The Secretariat's Guide to ICC Arbitration (ICC Publication, 2012).
Gaillard, Emmanuel and Savage, John (eds), Fouchard Gaillard Goldman on International Commercial Arbitration (Kluwer Law International, 1999).
Holtzmann, Howard M. and Neuhaus, Joseph E., A Guide to the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration: Legislative History and Commentary (Kluwer Law International, 1989).
Hörnle, Julia, Cross-Border Internet Dispute Resolution (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Hörnle, Julia, Cross-Border Internet Dispute Resolution (Cambridge University Press, 2023 ed).
Hörnle, Julia, Online Dispute Resolution: Some Comparative Insights (Oxford University Press, 2022).
Hörnle, Julia, Online Dispute Resolution in Practice (Oxford University Press, 2025).
Kasali, Rhenald, Disruptive Innovation: Menuju Ekosistem Ekonomi Digital Indonesia (Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2022).
Katsh, Ethan and Rabinovich-Einy, Orna, Digital Justice: Technology and the Internet of Disputes (Oxford University Press, 2017).
Katsh, Ethan and Rabinovich-Einy, Orna, Digital Justice: Technology and the Internet of Disputes (Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 2023).
Kaufmann-Kohler, Gabrielle and Schultz, Thomas, Online Dispute Resolution: Challenges for Contemporary Justice (Kluwer Law International, 2004).
Makarim, Edmon, Hukum Data Pribadi dan Cloud Computing (Raja Grafindo Persada, 2025).
Makarim, Edmon, Hukum Telematika (Raja Grafindo Persada, 2024).
Makarim, Edmon, Pengantar Hukum Telematika: Suatu Kompilasi Kajian (Raja Grafindo Persada, 2005).
Mistelis, Loukas (ed), Concise International Arbitration (Kluwer Law International, 2nd ed, 2015).
Moses, Margaret L., The Principles and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration (Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed, 2017).
Moses, Margaret L., The Principles and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration (Cambridge University Press, 4th ed, 2025).
Nugroho, Susanti Adi, Penyelesaian Sengketa Arbitrase dan Penerapan Hukumnya (Kencana, 2015).
Nugroho, Susanti Adi, Penyelesaian Sengketa Arbitrase dan Penerapan Hukumnya (Kencana, 2024 ed).
Ramli, Ahmad M., Cyber Law dan HAKI dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia (Refika Aditama, 2004).
Rosadi, Sinta Dewi, Cyber Law: Aspek Data Privasi Menurut Hukum Internasional, Regional, dan Nasional (Refika Aditama, 2015).
Rule, Colin, Online Dispute Resolution for Business 2.0 (Jossey-Bass, 2023).
Rule, Colin, Online Dispute Resolution for Business: B2B, E-Commerce, Consumer, Employment, Insurance, and other Commercial Conflicts (Jossey-Bass, 2002).
Rule, Colin and Nagaraja, Vikram, 'Crowdsourcing Dispute Resolution on the Internet' in Mohamed S. Abdel Wahab, Ethan Katsh, and Daniel Rainey (eds), Online Dispute Resolution: Theory and Practice (Eleven International Publishing, 2012).
Usman, Rachmadi, Keamanan Data dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa (Citra Aditya Bakti, 2025 ed).
Usman, Rachmadi, Pilihan Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan (Citra Aditya Bakti, 2013).
Usman, Rachmadi, Pilihan Penyelesaian Sengketa di Luar Pengadilan (Citra Aditya Bakti, 2024 ed).
van den Berg, Albert Jan, The New York Arbitration Convention of 1958: Towards a Uniform Judicial Interpretation (Kluwer Law International, 1981).
Widjaja, Gunawan, Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa (Raja Grafindo Persada, 2001).
B. Journal Articles
Abdel Wahab, Mohamed S., 'Evidence Integrity in ODR' (2025) 39(4) Journal of International Dispute Settlement 456.
Abdel Wahab, Mohamed S., 'The Promise of Online Dispute Resolution' (2023) 39(1) Arbitration International 45.
Banifatemi, Yas, 'The Impact of New Technologies on International Arbitration' (2020) 37(3) Arbitration International 345.
Berger, Klaus-Peter, 'Cyber Jurisdiction in International Arbitration' (2025) 42(1) Arbitration International 78.
Berger, Klaus-Peter, 'Cyber Risks in International Arbitration' (2025) 42(3) Arbitration International 301.
Berger, Klaus-Peter, 'Electronic Signatures in Arbitral Awards' (2025) 28(1) International Arbitration Law Review 134.
Cordero-Moss, Giuditta, 'Due Process in Virtual International Arbitration' (2025) 42(2) Journal of International Arbitration 312.
Gageler, Gary, 'RCEP and ODR: Implications for Southeast Asia' (2025) 42(4) Journal of International Arbitration 501.
Gageler, Gary, 'The Impact of RCEP on Dispute Resolution in Southeast Asia' (2022) 41(3) Journal of International Arbitration 401.
Haertlé, Josephine, 'The Enforcement of Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts in Arbitration' (2019) 27(2) Journal of International Arbitration 189.
Ikbal, Muhammad, 'Sengketa Investor-Start-Up: Perspektif Hukum Indonesia' (2023) 9(1) Jurnal Hukum Bisnis 123.
Juwana, Hikmahanto, 'Indonesian Legal System and International Commercial Arbitration' (2018) 3(1) Indonesian Journal of International Law 45.
Juwana, Hikmahanto, 'International Investment Agreements and Start-Ups in Indonesia' (2023) 4(2) Indonesian Journal of International & Comparative Law 89.
Kaufmann-Kohler, Gabrielle, 'Arbitration vs. Litigation in the Digital Age' (2024) 40(2) Journal of International Dispute Settlement 234.
Kaufmann-Kohler, Gabrielle, 'Fairness in Online Arbitration: Challenges and Solutions' (2025) 41(3) Arbitration International 456.
Kaufmann-Kohler, Gabrielle and Schultz, Thomas, 'Online Dispute Resolution: Challenges for Contemporary Justice' (2004) Internet Law and Policy 115.
Koulu, Riikka, 'Blockchains and Online Dispute Resolution: Smart Contracts as an Alternative to Enforcement' (2016) 13(1) SCRIPTed 40.
Mania, Karolina, 'Online Dispute Resolution: The Future of Justice' (2015) 1(1) International Comparative Jurisprudence 76.
Pair, Lara M., 'Broadening Article II of the New York Convention to Accommodate Electronic Commerce' (2000) 29 Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law 439.
Philippe, Mirèze, 'Dispute Resolution in a Cybercommunity: The Example of eBay' (2004) 9(2) The Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law and Arbitration 189.
Pulungan, Muhammad Sofyan, 'Implementasi Virtual Hearing dalam Arbitrase BANI' (2021) 16(1) Mimbar Hukum 112.
Pulungan, Muhammad Sofyan, 'Studi Kasus ODR untuk Start-Up: Efektivitas dan Hambatan' (2025) 20(1) Mimbar Hukum 345.
Pulungan, Muhammad Sofyan, 'Studi Kasus Penyelesaian Sengketa E-Commerce Lintas Negara melalui Arbitrase Online' (2021) 16(2) Mimbar Hukum 287.
Rajagukguk, Erman, 'Dukungan Teknis untuk ODR di Indonesia' (2025) 39(3) Jurnal Hukum Pembangunan 145.
Rajagukguk, Erman, 'Modernisasi Arbitrase di Indonesia: Tantangan dan Peluang' (2023) 38(1) Jurnal Hukum Pembangunan 89.
Rajagukguk, Erman, 'Procedural Fairness in Virtual Arbitration' (2025) 40(1) Jurnal Hukum Pembangunan 123.
Rajagukguk, Erman, 'Prinsip Keadilan dalam Arbitrase Digital Indonesia' (2025) 39(2) Jurnal Hukum Pembangunan 102.
Schultz, Thomas, 'Conflict of Laws in Cyberspace' (2024) 11(3) Yale Journal of Law & Technology 210.
Schultz, Thomas, 'Natural Justice in Cyberspace' (2024) 11(4) Yale Journal of Law & Technology 180.
Schultz, Thomas, 'Privacy in Cloud-Based Arbitration' (2025) 12(1) Yale Journal of Law & Technology 234.
Schultz, Thomas, 'Private Legal Systems: What Cyberspace Might Teach Legal Theorists' (2007) 10(4) Yale Journal of Law & Technology 151.
Sirait, Ningrum Natasya, 'Perlindungan IP bagi Start-Up Digital di Indonesia' (2022) 7(3) Jurnal Hukum Teknologi 201.
Sirait, Ningrum Natasya and Prasetianingsih, Rahayu, 'Perlindungan Hukum bagi Start-Up dalam Perdagangan Internasional' (2020) 5(2) Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah 234.
Sudiro, Amad, 'Ambiguitas Hukum Arbitrase Online di Indonesia' (2025) 10(1) Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 145.
Sudiro, Amad, 'Arbitrase Online Pasca-Pandemi: Studi Implementasi di BANI' (2022) 7(2) Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 178.
Sudiro, Amad, 'Digital Divide dalam Arbitrase Online' (2025) 10(2) Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 210.
Sudiro, Amad, 'Perkembangan Arbitrase Online Pasca-Pandemi di Indonesia' (2023) 8(1) Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 112.
Sudiro, Amad, 'Tantangan Hukum Arbitrase Online di Indonesia' (2025) 10(3) Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 289.
W, Yuliana Yuli, 'ODR for Indonesian Start-Ups: Accessibility and Affordability' (2024) 9(1) Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune 156.
W, Yuliana Yuli, 'Rekomendasi Reformasi ODR untuk Ekosistem Start-Up' (2025) 10(2) Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune 210.
W, Yuliana Yuli and Arifudin, Ery, 'Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Bagi Start-Up di Indonesia' (2021) 6(1) Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune 78.
Yeo, Alvin SC, 'Virtual Hearings in International Arbitration: The Singapore Experience' (2021) 38(4) Journal of International Arbitration 467.
Zhong, Shouyu, 'A Critique of the UNCITRAL Technical Notes on Online Dispute Resolution' (2017) 33(1) Arbitration International 125.
Zhong, Shouyu, 'Online Dispute Resolution for Cross-Border Electronic Commerce Disputes' (2019) 34(2) Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution 365.
C. Legislation
Indonesia, Undang-Undang No 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, LN No 58 Tahun 2008, TLN No 4843 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan UU No 19 Tahun 2016, LN No 251 Tahun 2016, TLN No 5952.
Indonesia, Undang-Undang No 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi.
Indonesia, Undang-Undang tentang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa, UU No 30 Tahun 1999, LN No 138 Tahun 1999, TLN No 3872.
Indonesia, Peraturan Presiden tentang Pengesahan Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, Perpres No 77 Tahun 2021.
New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (opened for signature 10 June 1958, entered into force 7 June 1959) 330 UNTS 3, art II(2).
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (2006).
D. Official Reports and Documents
Asian Development Bank, Connectivity Challenges in Digital Dispute Resolution (2025).
Asian Development Bank, Digital Innovation and Dispute Resolution in ASEAN SMEs (2024).
Asian Development Bank, Fintech and Financial Inclusion in ASEAN (2023).
BANI (Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia), Analisis Kasus Sengketa Investasi Start-Up 2022-2023 (2024).
BANI (Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia), Laporan Tahunan 2021: Transformasi Digital dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa (2022).
BANI (Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia), Laporan Tahunan 2022: Tren Penggunaan Arbitrase Online di Indonesia (2022).
BANI (Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia), Laporan Tahunan 2024: ODR Adoption in Tech Sector (2025).
BANI (Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia), Laporan Tahunan 2025: Adopsi ODR di Sektor Teknologi (2025).
BANI (Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia), Panduan Penggunaan Sistem E-Filing dan E-Case Management (2023) https://www.bani-arb.org diakses 20 Januari 2025.
BANI (Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia), Panduan Teknis Arbitrase Digital 2025 (2025).
BANI, Surat Edaran tentang Pelaksanaan Persidangan Arbitrase dan Mediasi Secara Elektronik, SE No 1/SE/BANI/III/2020.
BANI, Surat Edaran No 1/SE/BANI/III/2020.
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), Global Cyber Incidents in Arbitration Platforms 2024 (2025).
European Union, GDPR Compliance in Cross-Border ODR (2025).
Google, Temasek, and Bain & Company, e-Conomy SEA 2024: Southeast Asia's Digital Economy at a Crossroads (2024).
ICC Commission on Arbitration and ADR, Guidance Note on the Use of Information Technology in International Arbitration (ICC Publication, 2022).
ICC Commission on Arbitration and ADR, Guidance Note on the Use of Information Technology in International Arbitration (ICC Publication, 2022, updated 2025).
Indonesia Venture Capital Association (ILUNI), Laporan Tahunan Investasi Start-Up Indonesia 2023 (2024).
Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika RI, Laporan Akses Digital Indonesia 2025 (2025).
Kementerian Perdagangan RI, Statistik Perdagangan Luar Negeri Indonesia 2023 (2024).
Mahkamah Agung RI, Putusan No 123 K/Pdt.Sus-Arb/2024 (2025).
SIAC, Annual Report 2024: Trends in Remote Arbitration (2025).
SIAC, Annual Report 2025: Platform Reliability in Virtual Arbitration (2025).
SIAC, Practice Note on Conduct of Arbitration Proceedings Using Remote Technology (1 April 2020).
SIAC, Practice Note on Conduct of Arbitration Proceedings Using Remote Technology (1 April 2020, updated 16 July 2021).
UNCTAD, International Trade and Investment Agreements Navigator (2023) https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org diakses 15 Januari 2025.
UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2024: Investment and Enterprise Development (2024).
UNCITRAL, Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985), with amendments as adopted in 2006 (UN Doc A/61/17, Annex I).
UNCITRAL, Notes on Online Dispute Resolution: Potential for Use in Conciliation (UN Doc A/CN.9/869, 2017).
UNCITRAL, Technical Notes on Online Dispute Resolution (UN Doc A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.105, 2016).
WIPO, World Intellectual Property Report 2024: The Direction of Innovation (2024).
WIPO, World Intellectual Property Report 2025: AI and Innovation (2025).
World Bank Group, Digital Development Report: Bridging the Divide in Indonesia (2025).
World Bank Group, Digital Economy Diagnostic: Indonesia 2025 (2025).
World Bank Group, Digital Economy for Africa: Indonesia Country Diagnostic (2023).
World Bank Group, Digital Economy for Asia: Indonesia Country Diagnostic (2023).
World Bank Group, Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies (World Bank Publications, 2020).
World Bank Group, Doing Business 2025: Reforming to Create Jobs (2025).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nia Noviyani, Wanda Dessy Muttahirah, Sintya Wati, Vezvesyano Pandie
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Veritas Procedura agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the Veritas Procedura (VP) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) the work for any purpose, even commercially with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in VP.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Veritas Procedura (VP). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
