Pengujian Keputusan Administrasi Digital dalam Sengketa Tata Usaha Negara: Tantangan dan Solusi di Era Transformasi Digital

Abstract

The era of digital transformation has revolutionized public administration in Indonesia through the Electronic Administrative Decisions (KTUN-E), which promise efficiency and transparency, but pose complex challenges in testing them in administrative disputes (TUN) through the Administrative Court (PTUN). This article analyzes the basic concepts of KTUN-E based on Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law No. 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration, a hybrid legal framework that includes Supreme Court Regulation No. 3 of 2018 concerning e-court, and key challenges such as uncertainty of evidence (audit trail), infrastructure limitations, lack of transparency in automated administrative decisions (AAD), and low judge competency (only 25% digitally ready by 2024). Through case analysis, such as the cancellation of the 2024 Ministry of Finance KTUN-E due to weak verification and the success of the 2025 Yogyakarta Administrative Court e-court (45-day trial period), it was found that these challenges hinder access to justice and public trust. Proposed innovative solutions include amending Law No. 5 of 1986 on Administrative Courts to integrate blockchain, digital training for judges (target 50% improvement), a hybrid approach to online mediation, and collaboration with the Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs on open data policy. The conclusion affirms that this holistic solution can realize inclusive administrative justice, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 16, while recommending further research on the impact of blockchain in remote areas to strengthen Indonesia's digital democracy.

Era transformasi digital telah merevolusi administrasi publik Indonesia melalui Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara Elektronik (KTUN-E), yang menjanjikan efisiensi dan transparansi, namun menimbulkan tantangan kompleks dalam pengujiannya di sengketa Tata Usaha Negara (TUN) melalui Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara (PTUN). Artikel ini menganalisis konsep dasar KTUN-E berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik serta Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan, kerangka hukum hibrida yang mencakup Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 3 Tahun 2018 tentang e-court, dan tantangan utama seperti ketidakpastian pembuktian (audit trail), keterbatasan infrastruktur, kurangnya transparansi automated administrative decisions (AAD), serta kompetensi hakim yang rendah (hanya 25% siap digital pada 2024). Melalui analisis kasus, seperti pembatalan KTUN-E Kementerian Keuangan 2024 akibat lemah verifikasi dan keberhasilan e-court PTUN Yogyakarta 2025 (waktu sidang 45 hari), ditemukan bahwa tantangan ini menghambat akses keadilan dan kepercayaan publik. Solusi inovatif yang diusulkan meliputi amandemen Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1986 tentang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara untuk integrasi blockchain, pelatihan digital hakim (target 50% peningkatan), pendekatan hybrid mediasi online, dan kolaborasi dengan Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital untuk open data policy. Kesimpulan menegaskan bahwa solusi holistik ini dapat mewujudkan peradilan TUN inklusif, selaras dengan Sustainable Development Goals Nomor 16, sambil merekomendasikan penelitian lanjutan tentang dampak blockchain di daerah terpencil untuk memperkuat demokrasi digital Indonesia.