Dinamika Permasalahan Skizofrenia Paranoid Melalui Paradigma Humanistik: Studi Kasus
(1) Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Surabaya
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Schizophrenia is a persistent psychotic disorder that includes disorders of behavior, thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. Paranoid schizophrenic is usually characterized by delusions of persecution. There are various background that support paranoid schizophrenic. One of the back ground could be explained through humanistic paradigm based on the theory of Carl Roger. Carl Rogers explained that every human being needs to be loved and accepted or called get a positive regard. Positive regards from parents would determine the personality of the children whether conditional or unconditional positive regards. The aim of this research is to determine the dynamics of the problems people with paranoid schizophrenia through humanistic paradigm approach. This is a single case qualitative research with case study as its method. Datas of research are retrieved integration techniques, which is combined observation, interview, and psychological tests. This study shows that paranoid schizophrenia is caused by the lost of dependency object who usually protect schizophrenic’s self-esteem. Conditional positive regards are the former caused of paranoid schizophrenia. As the absence of emotion focused coping and withdrawal tendency caused by conditional positive regards from parents, schizophrenic would form a delusion of persecution to maintain their self-esteem when the depencency object is gone. Delusions of persecution is used to decrease the incongruency between actual self and ideal self.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Bungin, B. (2012). Metode penelitian kualitatif: Aktualisasi metodelogis kearah ragam variasi kontemporer. Jakarta: Rajawali press.
Cohen, A. S., Emmerson, L. C., Mann, M. C., Forbes, C. B., & Blanchard, J. J. (2010). Schizotypal, schizoid and paranoid characteristics in the biological parents of social anhedonics. Psychiatry Research, 178, 79-83.
Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. United Kingdom: SAGE Publications.
Dayan, P., & Bentall, R. P. (2007). Persecutory delusions and the conditioned avoidance paradigm: Towards an integration of the psychology and biology of paranoia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12(6), 495-510.
Kesting, M., Bredenpohl, M., Klenke, J., Westermann, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2013). The impact of social stress on self-esteem and paranoid ideation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 122-128.
Lamster, F., Nittel, C., Rief, W., Mehl, S., & Lincol, T. (2017). The impact of loneliness on paranoia: An experimental approach. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 54, 51-57.
Martin, J. A., & Penn, D. L. (2001). Brief report social cognition and subclinical paranoid ideation. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 261-265.
Maslim, Rusdi. (2013). Diagnosis gangguan jiwa, rujukan ringkas PPDGJ-III dan DSM–V. Cetakan 2 bagian ilmu kedokteran jiwa fakultas kedokteran Unika Atma Jaya. Jakarta: PT Nuh Jaya.
Mills, A., Gilbert, P., Bellew, R., McEwan, K., & Gale, C. (2007). Paranoid beliefs and self-criticism in students. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 358-364.
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2013). Paranoid and the structure of powerlessness. American Sociological Review, 48, 228-239.
Murphy, P., Bentall, R. P., Freeman, D., O’Rourke, S., & Hutton, P. (2018). The paranoia as defence model of persecutory delusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30339-0.
Nevid, J. S., Greene, B., & Rathus, S. A. (2005). Psikologi abnormal edisi lima jilid dua (Murad, J., Basri, A. S., Ginanjar, A., Poerwandari, E. K., Saraswati, I., Musabia, S., Nurwianti, F., Hutauruk, I. S., Fausiah, F., Oriza, D., Bintari, D. R., Pengalih bhs.). Jakarta: Erlangga.
Pickering, L., Simpson, J., & Bentall, R. P. (2008). Insecure attachment predicts proneness to paranoia but not hallucinations. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1212–1224.
Pinkham, A. E., Harvey, P. D., & Penn, D. L. (2016). Paranoid individuals with schizophrenia show greater social cognitive bias and worse social functioning than non-paranoid individuals. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 3, 33–38.
Raes, F., & Van Gucht, D. (2009). Paranoia and instability of self-esteem in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 928–932.
Riggio, H. R., & Kwong, W. Y. (2009). Social skills, paranoid thinking, and social outcomes among young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 492–497.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. United States of America: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Schultz, D. P. , & Schultz, S. E. (2009). Theories of personality (9th ed.). United States of America: Wadsworth.
Tiernan, B., Tracey, R., & Shannon, C. (2014). Paranoia and self-concepts in psychosis: A systematic review of the literature. Psychiatry Research, 216, 303–313.
Waska, R. T. (2002). Primitive experiences of loss: Working with the paranoid-schizoid patient. New York: Karnac.
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 273 timesPDF - 12 times
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
